The Stockholm Conference is considered an important step towards protecting the environment at the international level. The conference boosted the concept of sustainable development that emerged in the Cocayoc Declaration on Environment and Development in 1970.

The United Nations Conference on Human Environment, popularly known as the ‘Stockholm Conference’, was held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972. The conference underlined the need for all countries to work together to preserve, protect, and enhance the human environment worldwide.

I) Stockholm Conference Declaration:-

The Stockholm Conference held from 5^th to 16^th June 1972 in Stockholm laid down 26 principles to be followed by the States for the preservation and improvement of the human environment[3]. These principles are called the Stockholm Declaration. These principles are as follows-

1) Right of Quality Environment and Responsibility to Protect It:-

Man has the fundamental right to freedom, equality and adequate conditions of life in an environment of a quality that permits a life of dignity and well-being. Therefore, man is solemnly responsible for protecting and improving the environment for present and future generations.

2) Natural Resources of the earth must be Safeguarded:-

Natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna, must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning and management.

3) The capacity of the Earth to Produce must be Maintained:-

The earth’s capacity to produce vital renewable resources must be maintained and, wherever practicable, restored.

4) Heritage of Wild Life and its Habitat must be Safeguarded[4]:-

Man has a special responsibility to safeguard and wisely manage the heritage of wildlife and its habitat.

5) Proper use of Non-Renewable Resources[5]:-

The earth’s non-renewable resources must be employed in a way that guards against the danger of their future exhaustion.[6] and to ensure that all mankind shares benefits from such employment.

6) Discharge of Toxic Substances must be Stopped[7]:-

The discharge of toxic substances or other substances and the release of heat in such quantity or concentration as to exceed the environment’s capacity must be stopped.

7) Preventive Measures by the State[8]:-

The State shall take all possible steps to prevent sea pollution.

8) Ensure Economic and Social Development[9]:-

Economic and social development is essential for ensuring a favourable living and working environment for man.

9) Environmental Deficiencies must be Remedied[10]:-

Environmental deficiencies generated by the conditions of underdevelopment and natural disasters[11] must be remedied by accelerated development through the transfer of substantial financial and technological assistance qualities.

10) Stability of Prices and Adequate Earning must be Ensured[12]:-

For developing countries, stability of prices and adequate earnings for primary commodities[13] and raw materials are essential for environmental management.

11) The Developing Potential of Developing Countries must be Insured[14]:-

All state environmental policies should enhance and not adversely affect the present or future development potential of developing countries.

12) Availability of Resources is to be Insured[15]:-

Resources should be made available to preserve and improve the environment, considering developing countries’ circumstances and particular requirements.

13) The state must adopt an Integrated Approach[16]:-

The State should adopt an integrated and coordinated approach to development planning to ensure that development is compatible with the need to protect and improve the human environment.

14) Rational Planning[17]:-

Rational planning is essential for balancing development needs with the need to protect and improve the environment.

14) Planning to Avoid Adverse Effects[18]:-

Planning must be applied to human settlement and urbanisation to avoid adverse environmental effects.

16) Application of Demographic Policies[19]:-

Demographic policies should be applied where the population growth rate is likely to have an adverse effect on the environment or development.

17) National Institution for Planning etc.[20]:-

Appropriate national institutions must be entrusted with the task of planning, managing, or controlling environmental resources with a view to enhancing environmental quality.

18) Application of Science and Technology to Reduce Environmental Risks:-

Science and technology must be applied to the identification and avoidance.[21] and control of environmental risks and the solution of environmental problems.

19) Education on Environment[22]:-

Education in environmental matters is essential to broaden the basis for an enlightened opinion and responsible conduct by individuals, enterprises and communities in protecting and improving the environmental

20) Promotion of Scientific Research[23]:-

Scientific research and development related to environmental problems must be promoted in all countries, and environmental technologies should be made available to developing countries.

21) States Not to Cause Environmental Damage to other States:-

States have the sovereign right to exploit their resources pursuant to their environmental policies and the responsibility to ensure that the activities within their jurisdiction do not cause damage to the environment of other states.

22) Cooperation among States[24]:-

States shall cooperate in developing international law relating to liability and compensation for pollution and other environmental damage victims.

23) Consideration of Systems of Values Prevailing in Each Country:-

It is essential to consider the systems of values prevailing[25] in each country and the extent of applicability of standards, which are valid for the most advanced countries but which may be inappropriate[26] and of unwarranted social cost for the developing countries.

24) Handling of International Matters Concerning Environment:-

International matters concerning the protection and the improvement of the environment should be handled in a cooperative spirit[27] by all countries on an equal footing. Cooperation through multilateral or bilateral[28] arrangements or other appropriate means are essential to control, prevent, reduce and eliminate effectively[29] adverse environmental effects.

25) Recognition of the Role of International Organizations:-

States shall ensure that international organisations play a coordinated, efficient and dynamic role in protecting and improving the environment.

26) Destruction of Nuclear Weapons and Means of Mass Destruction:-

Man and his environment must be spared from the effects of nuclear weapons and all other means of mass destruction.

II] RIO CONFERENCE

A) The Object

B) Rio Declaration

1) Human being; Centre of sustainable development

2) States not to cause environmental damage to other states

3) Right to development

4) Environment is an integral part of the development process

5) Eradication of poverty

6) Special priority to least developed countries

7) Cooperation in protection of earth’s eco-system

8) Promotion of appropriate demographic policies

9) Improve scientific understanding

10) Public participation

11) Enactment of effective legislation

12) International consensus in global problems

13) Law regarding liability and compensation to victims

14) Discourage transfer of substances causing severe environmental degradation

15) Application of precautionary approach

16) “Polluter pay”, principle

17) Undertaking environmental impact assessment

AGENDA 21

Representatives of over 150 countries assembled in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on June 3rd and 4th, 1992, for the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development summit, also known as the “Earth Summit.” The Earth Summit is an important milestone in achieving the concept of sustainable development worldwide.

A) The Object:-

The objectives of the conference were as follows-

1) Re-affirming the declaration of the United Nations Conference at Stockholm.

2) To establish a new and equitable global partnership through the exaction of

new levels of cooperation among key sectors of societies and people.

3) To work towards international agreements to respect the interest of all and to

protect the integrity of the global environment and developmental system;

4) To recognise the integral and independent nature of the earth.

B) Rio Declaration[30]:-

1) Human Being; Centre of Sustainable Development[31]:-

Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

2) States Not to Cause Environmental Damage to the Other States:-

States have the sovereign right to exploit their resources and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction do not cause damage to the environment of other states.

3) Right to Development:-

The right to development must be so fulfilled that to equitably meet the developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.

4) Environment is an Integral Part of the Development Process[32]:-

To achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation[33] from it.

5) Eradication of Poverty[34]:-

All states and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty.

6) Special Priority to Least Developed Countries[35]:-

The special situation and needs of developing countries, particularly the least developed and those most environmentally vulnerable, shall be given special priority.

7) Cooperation in the Protection of Earth’s Eco-System:-

States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the earth’s eco-system.

8) Promotion of Appropriate Demographic Policies[36]–

States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable production and consumption patterns and promote appropriate demographic policies.

9) Improve Scientific Understanding[37]:-

States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous capacity building for sustainable development by improving scientific understanding through exchanging scientific-technological knowledge and by enhancing the development, adaptation[38], diffusion[39] and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative[40] technologies.

10) Public Participation[41]:-

Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens at the relevant level. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.

11) Enactment of Effective Legislation:-

States shall enact effective environmental protection legislation.

12) International Consensus on Global Problems[42]:-

Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on international consensus.

13) Law Regarding Liability and Compensation to Victims:-

States shall develop national laws regarding liability and compensation for pollution and other environmental damage victims.

14) Discourage Transfer of Substances Causing Severe Environmental Degradation[43]:-

States should effectively cooperate to discourage or prevent the relocation and transfer to other states of any activities and substances that cause severe environmental degradation.

15) Application of Precautionary Approach[44]:-

To protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by the states.

16) ‘Polluter Pay’, Principle[45]:-

National authorities should endeavour to promote the principle that the polluter should bear the cost of pollution.

17) Undertaking Environmental Impact Assessment[46]:-

The environmental impact assessment shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to significantly impact the environment.

AGENDA 21:-

Agenda 21 was one of the instruments adopted at the Rio conference. Agenda 21 is a non-binding instrument that presents a set of strategies and a detailed programme to halt[47] and reverse the effects of environmental degradation and promote environmentally sound and sustainable development in all countries. The agenda has four parts.

III] BIO-DIVERSITY[48]

A) Bio-Diversity; Meaning
B) International Regime on the Protection of Bio-Diversity
C) Indian Efforts to Protect Bio-Diversity/ Bio-Diversity Act. 2002

1) Object of the Act

2) Regulation on access to Bio-logical Diversity

a) Certain persons not to undertake access to biological diversity (S.3)
b) Results of research not to be transferred to certain persons (S. 4)
c) Exceptions to the above two regulations (S. 5)
d) Approval of National Biodiversity Authority for application

for Intellectual Property Right (S. 6)

e) Prior information to the State Bio-diversity Board (S. 7)

3) Establishment of different authorities

A) Bio-Diversity; Meaning:-

The term Bio-Diversity and biological diversity are the same. S.2 (b) of the Biological Diversity Act 2002 defines ‘Bio-Diversity’ as “the variability among living organisms from all sources and ecological complexes of which they are part and includes diversity[49] within species or between species and of Eco-Systems”.

In short, biological diversity includes diversity within species and also between species and ecosystems.

To protract biodiversity, States are making efforts to protect vanishing species of animals like big cats, large mammals[50], micro-organisms[51] etc. Moreover, it tries to protect and conserve some species of plants, forest trees, mangroves etc. Thus, all types of biological wealth need to be protected.

B) International Regime on Protection of Bio-Diversity[52]:-

The Convention on Biodiversity, known as the “United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity,” was signed at the Rio Conference in 1992.

The Convention on Biological Diversity, shortly known as ‘CBD’, lays down three objectives, viz. –

(i) the Conservation of biological diversity;

(ii) the suitable use of its components; and

(iii) the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilisation of

genetic resources.

The convention further stressed that all states have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources. It further lays down that all contracting parties should cooperate for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, develop natural strategies, plans, and programmes, identify and monitor components of biological diversity, and endeavour to conserve them.

“Sustainable use of bio-diversity” means the use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential[53] to meet the needs and aspirations[54] of present and future generations.

C) Indian Efforts to Protect Bio-Diversity/ Bio-Diversity Act 2002:-

Being one of the signatories to the Convention on Bio-Diversity at Rio in 1992, India has made serious efforts to protect bio-diversity by passing the Bio-Diversity Act. in 2002.

We will discuss some of the provisions of the Bio-Diversity Act. 2002.

1) Object of the Act:-

As discussed above, the Act’s object is to give effect to the Convention on Biodiversity passed in Rio in 1992, thereby providing for the conservation of biological diversity, sustainable use of its components, and a fair and equitable share of the benefits arising out of the use of biological resources and knowledge and for matters connected with and incidental therewith.

2) Regulation on Access to Bio-Logical Diversity[55]:-

a) Certain Persons Not to Undertake Access to Biological Diversity (S. 3):-

Without the approval of the National Bio-logical Authority, none of the following persons obtain any biological resource occurring in India or knowledge associated thereto for research or commercial utilisation or bio-survey and bio-utilization. Such persons are- (i) a person who is not a citizen of India;

(ii) a citizen of India but who is a non-resident of India;

(iii) a body corporate, association or organisation

(a) which is not incorporated or registered in India or

(b) even though incorporated or registered in India, has any

non-Indian participation in its share capital or management.

b) Results of Research not to be Transferred to Certain Persons (S. 4):-

Without the previous approval of the National Biodiversity Authority, no person shall transfer the results of any research relating to any biological resources occurring in or obtained from India for monetary consideration or otherwise to any person mentioned above.

c) Exceptions to the above Two Regulations (S. 5):-

The above regulations shall not apply to collaborative research[56] projects involving the transfer or exchange of biological resources or information relating thereto between institutions in other countries if such collaborative research projects conform to the policy guidelines issued by the Central Government.

d) Approval of National Biodiversity Authority for Application of Intellectual

Property[57] Right (S. 6):-

No person shall apply for any intellectual property right by whatever name called in or outside India for any invention[58] based on any research or information on a biological resource obtained from India without obtaining the previous approval of the National Biodiversity Authority. However, such approval may be obtained after getting a patent and before starting the actual sale.

e) Prior Information to the State Bio-diversity Board (S. 7):-

The persons prohibited in S.3 cannot obtain any biological resource for commercial utilisation or bio-survey for commercial utilization except after giving prior intimation to the State Biodiversity Board.

3) Establishment of Different Authorities:-

To effectively implement the scheme of the Act, the Act establishes different authorities at different levels, such as

a) National Bio-Diversity Authority to be established by the Central Government,

to grant necessary approvals.

b) State Bio-Diversity Board to be established by the State Governments to aid and

advise the State Government to implement the Act’s objectives.

c) Bio-Diversity Management Committee, to be established by the local bodies

within its area for the purpose of promoting conservation, sustainable use, and

documentation of biological diversity.

IV] OZONE DEPLETION[59].

1) Ozone Layer

2) Ozone Depletion-

3) International Efforts to Protect Ozone Layer

4) Indian efforts to protect the Ozone Layer

1) Ozone Layer:-

Ozone is a kind of gas. There is an ozone layer situated in the ‘stratosphere[60]’. According to Chamber’s Dictionary, ‘Ozone Layer’ means, ‘a layer of the upper atmosphere, between 15 and 30 km above the Earth’s surface where ozone is formed which filters harmful ultra-violate radiation[61] from the sun and prevent it from reaching the earth”.

The ozone layer is very important not only for human health but also for all creatures and ecosystems. As seen in the definition, it filters harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun and prevents it from reaching the earth. Thus, the layer protects the earth and acts as an earth’s shield.

2) Ozone Depletion:-

Due to pollution, the ozone layer is breaking down. The layer is getting holes, whereby the sun’s ultraviolet rays directly reach the earth; it is called ozone depletion.

Ozone depletion causes major adverse effects on the global environment. It causes serious problems to human health. It causes skin cancer, premature blindness, and damage to plank-tonic animals and marine life, i.e. to the whole ecosystem. Ozone depletion stunts[62] plant growth adversely affects the process of photosynthesis[63] , and reduces disease resistance.

3) International Efforts to Protect Ozone Layer:-

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the ozone layer, held in 1985, is the first and foremost important step toward protecting the ozone layer. 103 States were parties to the Vienna Convention. The convention was ratified[64] by the United States in 1986, and it came into force on 22^nd Sept 1988.

The Convention, however, did not contain any substantive provision to protect the ozone layer but resolved to create a framework and workshops for its protection.

The second very important and substantive step towards the protection of the ozone layer was the signing of the Montreal Protocol[65] on substances that deplete the ozone layer on 16^th September 1987. The protocol was ratified by the countries whose combined consumption of ozone-depleting substances represented two-thirds of the estimated world total. The convention is based on discussions and a framework prepared by the Vienna Convention. The Montreal Protocol came into force on 1^st January 1989.

The Protocol imposes an obligation on signatory states to reduce the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances, increase cooperation in developing alternative substances, and prohibit or restrict trade in these substances.

4) Indian Efforts to Protect Ozone Layer:-

India signed the Montreal Protocol on 17 September 1992. However, even before signing the protocol, India was very aware of reducing ozone-depleting substances. Due to this awareness, the level of production of such substances is very low.

In India, we have constituted a Task Force that has drafted a National Strategy for phasing out Ozone-Depleting Substances. Numerous sector-wise workshops are conducted. There is a country programme to protect the ozone layer.

V] GREEN HOUSE GASES AND GLOBAL WARMING[66]

1) Green House Gases; meaning

2) Global Warming

3) Reasons for the increase in greenhouse gases

4) International efforts to prevent global worming

1] Green House Gases[67]; Meaning:-

‘Greenhouse gas’ has nothing to do with greenhouse. It merely signifies that the same effect is caused on the earth as that is caused by the greenhouse net or glass on the warming atmosphere inside the greenhouse. The greenhouse net or glass causes heat inside the greenhouse. It traps the heat waves from going outside. A similar effect occurs in the atmosphere inside the car when its windows are closed in sunlight.

The same effect is caused on the earth by gases like carbon dioxide and water evaporation. They are called ‘greenhouse gases’; they act as greenhouse nets or glass, which means these gases allow visible light of the sun to reach the surface of the earth but obstruct or blanket or cover reflected rays[68] from the earth from going outside.

In short, greenhouse gases allow the short waves of incoming solar radiation to come in but do not allow the long waves of outgoing terrestrial radiation to escape. Thus, global warming is an effect of greenhouse gases.

2] Global Warming:-

Global warming means the earth’s warming due to rapid build-up in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that trap the earth’s heat. It also leads to climate change.

3] Reasons for Increase in Green House Gases[69]:-

Greenhouse gases are increasing due to emissions from a large number of industries, vehicles, waste dumps, and other sources. Carbon dioxide emissions from these sources are the root cause of global warming.

An increase in greenhouse gases results in global warming, which may destroy the earth’s life in a short period. Global warming will result in hotter summers and colder winters, rising sea levels, changes in monsoon patterns, droughts, floods, and melting icebergs.

4] International Efforts to Prevent Global Warming[70]:-

The world has become serious about the increasing threat of global warming. However, developed countries that emit carbon dioxide have made fewer efforts to reduce their emissions.

Developed countries such as the U.S.A, European Union, China, Japan, etc., have made some efforts to reduce greenhouse gases. In November 2014, the U.S.A. and China recently agreed at the G-20 summit to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in a time-bound manner.

However, the Rio Conference and the Kyoto Conference in 1997 have contributed to some extent to taking steps to reduce global warming.

India has always tried to raise global warming issues at the international level and has participated actively in all international conventions on reducing global warming.

VI] WETLAND[71]

1) Definition and Meaning

2) International Efforts to Protect Wetlands

3) Indian Efforts to Protect Wetlands

1) Definition and Meaning:-

The Ramsar Convention defines ‘wetland’ as –

“(a) areas of marsh, fen, peat land[72], or water

(i) whether natural or artificial,

(ii) permanent or temporary,

(iii) with water that is static or flowing, fresh or brackish or salt,

(b) including areas of marine water, the depth of which, at low tide[73]

does not exceed six meters”.

Six per cent of the surface of the earth is occupied by wetlands. Wetlands are important for the protection of floods, food production, water supply and water purification[74] and as a wildlife habitat.

2) International Efforts to Protect Wetlands:-

The Ramsar Convention, at the International level, is a very important step toward conserving and protecting wetlands. India acceded[75] to the Convention in 1981. Th

ough the convention, contracting parties agreed to promote the conservation of wetlands, which are declared of ‘international importance. State Parties to the convention further agreed to use wetlands in their territory wisely.

3) Indian Efforts to Protect Wetlands:-

There is no special legislation to protect wetlands in India. However, all legislation for the protection of the environment applies to the protection of wetlands as well. Moreover, since India has acceded to the Ramsar Convention, it has become its duty to respect the convention and to protect and preserve wetlands of international importance. Moreover, India is duty-bound to make wise use of its other wetlands (not declared of International importance) as agreed in the convention.

Indian courts have also played an important role in protecting the environment, including wetlands.

A very important judgment in the field of protection of wetlands is passed by Justice

Umesh Chandra Banerjee of the Calcutta High Court in P.I.L, namely,

Peoples United for better living in Calcutta V/s State of West Bengal[76] filed by the citizen’s groups interested in protecting wetlands.

Facts:– In this case, wetlands were reclaimed by the State for providing living sites

and for the construction of the world trade centre.

The court rejected the reclamation of wetlands by the State and observed that the protection of wetlands is a social necessity, not the construction of townships.

Thus, the judgment shows that the wetlands being a bounty of nature has a significant role in the proper development of society.

*****

[1] पर्यावरण संरक्षनासंबंधी आंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रयत्न

[2] परीषद

[3] मानव पर्यावरण

[4] वण्यजीव वारसा व त्यांच्या राहण्याच्या ठिाकानाचे संरक्षण [वन्य जीवन की विरासत और उसके आवास की रक्षा की जानी चाहिए]

[5] पुनर्रनिर्मीत करता नयेनार्या साधनांचा योग्य वापर [गैर-नवीकरणीय संसाधनों का उचित उपयोग]

[6] अंत [थकावट]

[7] विषारी घटकांचे संरक्षण थांबवणे [जहरीले पदार्थों का निर्वहन बंद होना चाहिए]

[8] सरकार मार्फत समुद्र प्रदूषण प्रतिबंधत्मक उपाय [राज्य द्वारा निवारक उपाय]

[9] सामजीक व आर्थिक सुधारणांवर भर [आर्थिक और सामाजिक विकास सुनिश्चित करें]

[10] पर्यावरणीय कमतरता दुरूस्त/कमी करणे [पर्यावरण की कमियों को दूर किया जाना चाहिए]

[11] नैसर्गिक आपत्ती [प्राकृतिक आपदा]

[12] किमतीचे स्थर्या- [कीमतों की स्थिरता और पर्याप्त कमाई सुनिश्चित की जानी चाहिए]

[13] वस्तू [माल]

[14] विकसनशील देशांची विकासची क्षमता वढवणेo [विकासशील देशों की विकासशील क्षमता का बीमा होना चाहिए]

[15] साधनांची उपलब्धता निर्माण करणे [संसाधनों की उपलब्धता का बीमा किया जाना है]

[16] एकर्गात / सामुहीक कार्यपद्वती अंगीकारणे [राज्य को एकीकृत दृष्टिकोण अपनाना चाहिए]

[17] योग्य नियोजण [तर्कसंगत योजना]

[18] प्रतिकूल परीनाम टाळण्यासठी नियोजण [प्रतिकूल प्रभावों से बचने की योजना]

[19] लोकसंख्या विचारात घेउण नियोजण [जनसांख्यिकीय नीतियों का अनुप्रयोग]

[20] नियोजण नियोजनासठी राष्ट्रीय संस्थेची स्थापना [योजना आदि के लिए राष्ट्रीय संस्थान]

[21] टाळणे [परिहार]

[22] पर्यावरण शिक्षण [पर्यावरण पर शिक्षा]

[23] वैज्ञानिक संशोधनास चालणा देणे [वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान को बढ़ावा देना]

[24] देशादेशामध्ये सहकार्य वाढीस लावणे [राज्यों के बीच सहयोग]

[25] प्रचलीत मुल्ये [प्रचलित मूल्य]o

[26] अयोग्य [अनुपयुक्त]

[27] सहकार्याची भावना [सहकारी भावना]

[28] बहूपक्षीय़द्विपक्षीय [बहुपक्षीय या द्विपक्षीय]

[29] नष्ट करणे [निकाल देना]

[30] रिओ घोशनापत्र किंवा जाहीरनामा

[31] मनुष्य हा समायोजी सुधरणांचा केंद्रबिंदू [मनुष्य- सतत विकास केंद्र -]

[32] सर्व प्रकाारच्या सुधारनांचा अविभाज्य भाग म्हानजे पर्यावरण [पर्यावरण विकास प्रक्रिया का एक अभिन्न अंग है]

[33] वेगळे o [अलग]

[34] दारिद्रय निर्मुल्लन [गरीबी उन्मूलन]

[35] गरीब देशांना प्रथम पसंती [अल्प विकसित देशों को विशेष प्राथमिकता]

[36] लोकसंघ्या विचारात घेउण योग्य त्या धोरणास प्रोत्साहन देणे [उपयुक्त जनसांख्यिकीय नीतियों का प्रचार]

[37] शासकीय द्रृष्टीकोनात वृद्धी करणेo [वैज्ञानिक समझ में सुधार]

[38] जुळणी [अनुकूलन]

[39] प्रसार [प्रसार]

[40] नविण [अभिनव]

[41] लोकसहभाग [सार्वजनिक भागीदारी]

[42] जागतीक प्रश्नांवर आंतरराष्ट्रीय संमती [वैश्विक समस्याओं पर अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सहमति]

[43] गंभीर स्वरूपाच्या पर्यावरण ऱ्हासास कारनीभुत घटक दुसऱ्या राज्यात स्थलांतरित करण्यापासून परावृत्त करणे. [गंभीर पर्यावरणीय गिरावट का कारण बनने वाले पदार्थों के स्थानांतरण को हतोत्साहित करना]

[44] पर्यावरनासंबंधी सावधगिरीचा द्रृष्टीकोण [एहतियाती दृष्टिकोण का अनुप्रयोग]

[45] प्रदूषण कर्ताने भरपाई करण्याचे तत्व [प्रदूषक भुगतान करे-, सिद्धांत]

[46] एखादा उदयोग सुरू होण्यापूर्वी त्याच पर्यावरणावर काय दूषपरीनाम होतो त्याच अभ्यास मोजदाद करने [पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन का उपक्रम]

[47] थांबवणे [विराम]

[48] जैव विवीधता [जैव विविधता]

[49] विवीधता

[50] सस्तन प्रणी [स्तनधारियों]

[51] सूक्ष्म जीव

[52] जैव विवीधता टिकवन्यासाठीचे आंतरराष्ट्रीय नियम/उपाय [जैव-विविधता के संरक्षण पर अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यवस्था]

[53] क्षमता [संभावना]

[54] गरजा [आकांक्षाओं]

[55] जैव विवीधतेच्या ठिकाणी प्रवेशास बंधणे जैव विवीधतेच्या ठिकाणी प्रवेशास बंधणे [जैविक विविधता]

[56] एकत्रीत संशोधन [सहयोगी अनुसंधान]

[57] बैधीक संपदा [बौद्धिक संपत्ति]

[58] शोध [आविष्कार]

[59] जिवनास अत्यंत उपयोगी वायुच्या स्तरात घट होणे [ओज़ोन रिक्तीकरण]

[60] प्रृथ्वीच्या सभोवती असलेला हवेचा स्तर [समताप मंडल]

[61] अतिनिल कीरण [अल्ट्रा-उल्लंघन विकिरण]

[62]खुरटवणे

[63] प्रकाश संश्लेषण

[64] समर्थन देणे [मंजूर करना]

[65] माँटेरिअल येथील तहाचा मसुदा

[66] जागतीक तापमनवढ

[67] हरीतग्रह वायू

[68] किरणेo [किरणों]

[69] हरीतग्रह वाढण्याची कारणे

[70] जागतीक तापमाणवढ थांबवण्यासाठी आंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रयत्न [ग्लोबल वार्मिंग को रोकने के लिए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय प्रयास]

[71] दलदल पाणथळ [आर्द्रभूमि]

[72] दलदल पाणथऴ सखल जमीण [पीट भूमि]

[73] ओहोटी [निम्न ज्वार ]

[74] जल शुदधीकरण [जल शोधन]

[75] माण्यता देणे [भारत ने स्वीकार किया]

[76] AIR 1993 Cal. 215.